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and analyze recent years tendering and contract arrangements for passenger rail services in Sweden and Norway. The aim is to find the best experience-based practices and solutions for competitive tendering of passenger rail services in Finland. The study helps the Client to develop their expertise in tendering for passenger rail services. Study provides the starting points for further planning and implementation of tendering and contract arrangements. Preparation of the actual procurement or contract documents is not included in the assignment. Currently on the national level, the state incumbent operator VR is responsible for passenger rail services via PSO-contract with the Ministry of Transport and Communications. Current PSO-contract includes commuter train services outside the Helsinki Region Transport (HRT) area, night train services and railbus service on non-electrified railway s